How to File an FIR in India
What is an FIR?
An FIR (First Information Report) is the first step in the criminal justice process. It is a written document prepared by the police when they receive information about a cognizable offence.
You have the legal right to file an FIR under Section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC).
Types of Offences
Before filing, understand the type:
| Type | Examples | FIR Required? |
|---|---|---|
| Cognizable | Theft, robbery, murder, rape, kidnapping | Yes — police must register |
| Non-cognizable | Assault, cheating (minor), defamation | Police complaint/complaint to magistrate |
Step-by-Step: How to File an FIR
Step 1: Go to the Correct Police Station
Go to the police station in whose jurisdiction the crime occurred. This is important.
Step 2: Meet the Station House Officer (SHO)
Request to speak with the SHO or duty officer. Clearly describe:
- What happened
- When it happened
- Where it happened
- Names of accused (if known)
Step 3: Give Your Statement
Your statement will be written down by the officer. Read it carefully before signing. Ask for corrections if needed.
Step 4: Get a Copy
You are legally entitled to a FREE copy of the FIR. If they refuse to give it, demand it — it is your right under Section 154(2) CrPC.
Step 5: Note the FIR Number
Keep this number safe — you will need it to track your case.
What If Police Refuse to File Your FIR?
This is illegal. Here is what to do:
Option 1: Zero FIR
A Zero FIR can be filed at any police station regardless of jurisdiction. The station is legally required to register it and forward it to the correct station.
Option 2: Complain to the Superintendent of Police
Send a written complaint (registered post) to the SP (Superintendent of Police) of your district. They must take action.
Option 3: Send Complaint to Magistrate
Under Section 156(3) CrPC, send your complaint directly to the Judicial Magistrate. The magistrate can order police to register the FIR.
Option 4: Online FIR / E-FIR
Most states now allow online FIR filing on the state police website. Search "[Your State] Police online FIR" to find the portal.
Important: Police cannot refuse to register an FIR for a cognizable offence. If they do, it is a violation of their duty and you can file a complaint against the officer.
What to Bring When Filing an FIR
- Your Aadhaar Card / any photo ID
- Any evidence you have (photos, screenshots, videos)
- Witness names and contact details (if any)
- Written notes describing the incident clearly
After Filing the FIR
- Track your case — use your state police portal
- If no action — approach the Superintendent of Police
- Hire a lawyer for serious offences
- Keep all documents — never give originals to police (only copies)
Important Rights at the Police Station
- You do not have to answer questions without a lawyer for serious offences
- Police cannot detain you for more than 24 hours without producing you before a magistrate
- You have the right to inform a family member of your arrest
- Women can only be arrested during daytime (6 AM to 6 PM) except in exceptional circumstances
Emergency Numbers
- Police: 100
- National Emergency Number: 112
- Women Helpline: 1091
- Cybercrime Helpline: 1930